CHAPTER 10
 SPONGES, CNIDARIANS, & WORMS
Characteristics of Animals:
            multi-cellular ( many celled)
            heterotrophic organisms ( many celled and must obtain their food by eating other organisms),
            most reproduces sexually  ( egg and sperm unite resulting in a new individual)  http://peoplesgeography.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/sperm-and-egg.jpg

            some reproduce asexually by forming buds ( a new organism which is identical to itself) http://www.nilesbio.com/images/categories/C333.jpg             http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/lb6fig3a.gif

                  
            many must move to find food, reproduce or escape danger
            some are sessile- can't move

            they have different adaptations- characteristics that help them survive in the environment they live or to reproduce
         some for getting food and even escape
            some are herbivores- animals that eat only plants

http://www.saburchill.com/images02/080106032.jpg

            some are predators - hunt and kill other animals 
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/myhrvold_lions07/images/lion%20cubs%20bloody.jpg
carnivores only eat prey (other animal)

            some are omnivores -eat both plant and animal 

http://www.geocities.com/sciencejanetc/7th_8th_grade/animal_kingdom/7th_8th_animal_kindom.html    GREAT SITE TO HELP WITH ANIMAL KINGDOM
Animal organization:
                many CELLS of one kind make up a tissue
                 TISSUES are a group of similar cell that perform a specific job (nerve, muscle, etc)
                different tissues may combine to form organs
                ORGANS are a group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific job that is more complex than the function of each tissue by itself
                different organs combine to form ORGANS SYSTEMS,   digestive, nervous, skeletal, etc
                organ systems combine to form ORGANISMS

Classification of Animal
        INVERTEBRATE - an animal with out a backbone  95% of all animals
        VERTEBRATE - animal with a backbone

CHAPTER 10   SECTION 2     SYMMETRY 

SYMMETRY -  AN ARRANGEMENT OF BODY PARTS

RADIAL SYMMETRY - body parts are arranged in a circle; any line drawn through an organism center will divide the organism into two symmetrical halves.  ( like dividing a pie or like the wheel on a bike)

BILATERAL SYMMETRY - two halves of the body are mirror images of each other
these organisms are generally larger, more complex, move more quickly, and have a streamlined balanced body
     anterior - front end or toward the head with sense organ
     posterior - toward the anus
     dorsal - back side
     ventral - belly side

CHAPTER 10
SECTION 3     SPONGES & CNIDARIANS     live mostly in oceans but can be in freshwater rivers and lakes
       adults are sessile (stay in one place)

   
      ASYMMETRICAL  - are irregular in shape      some cell do specialized jobs       no tissues      no organs
    PORES - holes or openings
    SPICULES - spikes in the sponge between the inner (endoderm) and outer layer (epidermis)
                can be hard and sharp like needles or soft and called spongin and used in bath tub   http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Pisera/Spicules.gif

 
    COLLAR CELLS - have flagella that mover back and forth to create a current in the water,  they are also called feeding cells they take food out of the water
    AMOEBOCYTE- cell which digest food and carries it to other parts of sponge, carries away waste
    OSCULUM - opening water and waste moves out     
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/invertebrates/sponge/labelx/           
 sponge image

	1. OSCULUM	excurrent opening
	2.COLLAR CELLS (chanocyte) also called a feeding cell	feeding cells  collect food
	3. SPICULES (spongin is a soft spicule)	give shape and support
	4. PORES (porocyte)	opening to bring in food for filter feeding
	5. EPIDERMIS	outer cell layer
	6. FLAGELLA	whip like hair that moves back and forth
	7. AMOEBOCYTE (archaeocyte) or an ameoba like cell	feeding cell transports digested food in collar cells
	8.CENTRAL CAVITY (spongocoel)	hollow area in the middle of sponge
	9.  SEX CELL	help in reproduction  make sperm and eggs

FILTER FEEDING - straining food particles from water  (teacup size sponge can remove food from 5,000 liters of water per day  about a truckload of quart bottles)
http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch33/33_04SpongeAnatomy.gif

SPONGE REPRODUCE -
        sexually with egg and sperm to form a larva
                sex cells are formed at different times of the year by different adults
            LARVA - immature form of an animal which does not look like adult
             sponge young can swim is a hollow ball of cells and eventually attaches to surface to become sessile adult
        hermaphrodites -  have the ability to produce both sex cells, and  asexually -  (bud) regenerate

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe136national.php?qi=4404&st=  online sponge quiz

Questions:  extra credit

1. What did early biologists think sponges where? ______________________
2. Sponges belong to the Kingdom _________________ and the Phylum _______________
3. Sponges are [ unicellular or multicelluar ] and [ prokaryotic or eukaryotic ]
4. What type of symmetry do sponges have? ___________________________________
5. What does it mean to be sessile? ____________________________________
6. How do sponges get their food? ___________________________________
7. Water enters the sponge through the _____________________ and leaves through the _____________________
8. What is the job of the amebocyte? ___________________________________________________________
9. What two substances give the sponge support? _________________________________
10. Tiny sponges growing from the main body of the sponge are called _____________________________
11. What is a gemmule? Gemmule are internal buds found in freshwater sponges and are the result of asexual reproduction, and resemble round, food-filled balls. Gemmules have a protective coat composed of spicules and organic matter. They are resistant to desiccation (drying out), freezing, and anoxia (lack of oxygen) and can lie around for long periods of time. When conditions improve, gemmules give rise to an adult Sponge.
12. What is a hermaphrodite? ____________________________________________________

KINGDOM   :   ANIMAL
    PHYLUM  :   CNIDARIAN    means "STINGING CELLS"
                    example:  HYDRA,

http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/cnidari/hydrozo/hydr0100/hydra-01.jpg
JELLYFISH,

http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

CORAL,

http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/categories/raim/images/coral_01.jpg

SEA ANEMONES
                   
http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02fire/logs/jul26/media/cnidarian_550.jpg

characteristics 
      carnivores that use there stinging cells to capture prey and defend themselves
      radial symmetry

Fig. 1. Life cycle of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita. A Mature female medusa (30 cm in diameter) carrying planula larvae (red arrow) in brood pouches in the oral arms. B released, free-swimming planulae (0.2-0.3 mm). C Polyp (1-3mm). D Beginning strobilation. E Advanced strobilation. F Young Ephyra (3-5mm). G Ephyra, 4 weeks after release (8-10mm).

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/cnidariaLC.gif
                    POLYP -  vase shaped sessile adult with the mouth opening on the top
                    MEDUSA - adapted for free swimming and can be adult (jelly fish or larval stage hydra)
                    sexual reproduction by separate sexes or by hermaphrodites
                    asexual reproduction by budding

phylum was coelenterate  "hollow body cavity"  the phylum is  now  Cnidarian it means "stinging cells"

*Mesoglea in between ectoderm and endoderm did not study

online quiz  http://rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/sponge/hydra.htm   online quiz

coral reefs built by cnidarians
    coral polyp produces a hard stony skeleton around its soft body
        reproduces asexually and grow on top of each others skeletons of those that have died.
            create a rocklike mass called a reef 
  DIVISION OF LABOR - THE JOBS OF THE BODY ARE DIVIDED.  NO ONE CELL HAS TO DO ALL THE JOBS SUCH AS REPRODUCE, DIGEST FOOD,

CHAPTER 10         SECTION 4           WORMS

WORMS characteristics:

        invertebrates
   narrow bodies without legs
     have tissues, organ and organ systems
    have bilateral symmetry       have anterior end (head)     has sense organ here to detect objects, food, mates, and predators quickly and it can respond quickly   sense organs respond to light, touch and pick up information
    simplest organism with a brain, directs animal's response
   and posterior end (tail end)
 reproduction - sexually (hermaphrodites)  and asexually by regeneration - the ability to regrow body parts

SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS

KINGDOM  - ANIMAL
    INVERTEBRATES
        PHYLUM  - PLATYHELMINTHES "FLATWORM"
        PHYLUM - NEMATODA  " ROUND WORMS"
        PHYLUM - ANNELIDA "SEGMENTED WORMS"

PHYLUM  - PLATYHELMINTHES "FLATWORM"
        examples ; planarians, flukes, and tapeworms
http://www.nilesbio.com/images/categories/C350.jpg   http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=11808&rendTypeId=4

        vary in size, soft bodies 
most are parasites and obtain food from hosts             rob hosts of food and make them weak may injure host's tissues or organ and can even kill host
            body cells exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide directly with environment by diffusion
            have 3 body layers --- outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, & inner endoderm
               
 PLANARIAN :  common name cross-eyed worm is a flatworm
             FREE-LIVING - non-parasitic  do not live in or on other organisms
  scavengers - they feed on dead or decaying material
  predators - attack any animal smaller than they are
 sense light with eye spots can pick up odors feed like a vacuum cleaner
 Pharynx is a muscular throat opening is both the mouth and anus
 ganglia are a bundle or nerves  can sense light, touch, taste, & small
 gastro vascular tissue is for digestion
    can regenerate if enough of the nerve and digestive tissue available
        move by tiny hairs or cilia over a mucus layer that they secrete
reproduction
    hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize eggs that are then deposited into a capsule until hatching in 2-3 weeks
    reproduce asexually by fragmentation  if cut in half both will regrow

quick quiz

 

PARASITIC FLATWORM

TAPEWORM  Absorbs food form host's digestive system
            http://net.unl.edu/wonderwise/12parasi/a-para.htm nice activity for extra credit

 

Tapeworm - External Structure PART LABEL FUNCTION/S A scolex used to attach tapeworm to the wall of the small intestine of humans B neck growth region responsible for formation of new proglottides C strobila contains mature proglottides containing the sex organs D hooks used for attachment to the wall of small intestine of humans E suckers used for attachment to the wall of small intestine of humans F proglottis contains testes and ovaries for reproduction

Parasitic flatworm sheep liver fluke

life cycle of sheep liver fluke:
* Adult liver flukes live in sheep liver & gall bladder where they mate & form eggs
* Eggs enter intestines, pass out with feces, & hatch in water
* Larva enter snails, asexually multiply, then leave snail & form cysts
* Cysts (dormant larva with hard, protective covering) clings to grass
* Sheep ingest cysts when they eat grass
* Cysts hatch in digestive tract & bore through intestines into bloodstream
* Mature & reproduce in the liver

PHYLUM NEMATODE - round worms
        characteristics; all are round with a digestive system that is like a tube with both ends open
            important because food and waste do not mix  
            one way digestive system food is efficiently digested and absorbed
            can be carnivores, herbivores or parasites
includes Ascaris, hookworms, Trichinella, & pinworms

hookworm	Ascaris lifecycle:	Trichinella	PINWORMS
eggs hatch in moist soil & larva bore through bare feet of new host THIS IS WHY YOUR MOM MAKES YOU WEAR SHOES IN THE SPRING	Enter body in contaminated food or water & hatch in intestines * Larva bore into bloodstream & carried to lungs & throat * Larva coughed up, swallowed, & return to intestines to mature & mate * Block the intestine causing death	are human parasites caused by eating undercooked pork containing the cysts * Cause disease called trichinosis * Cysts cause muscle pain & stiffness	*eat eggs *eggs hatch in small intestine mature in large intestine *female crawls out of anus lays eggs around anus and crawls back in *eggs hatch larvae crawl back in to repeat cycle *or area becomes itchy  hands, bed cloth floor school rooms desk tops have eggs eaten by others hand to mouth exchange

Muscular-Skeletal     A roundworm has no skeleton.
Digestion   A roundworm has a definite digestive system that runs the length of their bodies. It has a mouth, pharynx, intestine and anus. Many are parasites and live off other animals and plants.
Nervous   A roundworm has two nerve cords that transmit impulses in the roundworm.
Circulation  A roundworm has no heart or formal blood vessels.
Respiration  A roundworm has no formal respiratory system.
Reproduction  A roundworm reproduces sexually. The female has an ovary, holds eggs in an oviduct and then passes them to the uterus, where they are fertilized. The male has sperm cells are made in the testis and stored in the vas deferens. When it is time to reproduce, the sperm cells pass through the spicule. Over 200,000 eggs can be deposited at once in the soil once they are fertilized.
Excretion A roundworm has an anus at its rear end and a series of excretory tubes that end in an excretory pore. Symmetry   A roundworm has bilateral symmetry.
      Appearance A roundworm is thin, round, smooth and can be up to four feet in length.

PHYLUM ANNELID - segmented worms   
    example: earthworm
                found almost everywhere, most live in burrows or tubes
                have segmented bodies
            setae - hair like bristles on the ventral side that help worm burrow

                  scavengers -eat decayed plant and animal remains
bilateral symmetry
            IMPORTANTS TO SOIL
                make soil more fertile with their feces
                aerate soil - loosen soil so air and water can get to plant roots and roots can grow into soil easier

ONLINE EARTHWORM DISSECTION
   http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html  
http://www.frogwatch.ca/english/wormwatch/virtual_worm/index.html  very good with animations
  

ORGAN AND SYSTEM	FUNCTION
1. PROSTOMIUM  (DIGESTIVE OR MUSCULAR)	muscular lip pushes food into mouth, digs
2. SETAE	pair bristle like hairs on ventral side help push body through dirt traction
3. PHARYNX  (digestive)	muscular throat connects mouth to esophagus help push food down
4. ESOPHAGUS (digestive)	pushes food into crop
5. CROP (digestive)	softens and stores food
7. INTESTINE (digestive)	digests and absorbs nutrients
6. GIZZARD (digestive)	uses sand to help grind up food
8. ANUS (digestive)	opening removes waste
9. AORTIC ARCHES           (HEARTS) (circulatory)	pump blood
10. DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL           (circulatory)	carries blood on the dorsal side of body
11. VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL           (circulatory)	carries blood on the ventral side of body
12. CLITELLUM (reproductive)	produces mucus aides in reproduction
13. SEMINAL RECEPTACLES          (reproductive)	receives sperm
14. SEMINAL VESICLES          (reproductive)	tubules where sperm is produces
15. TESTES         (reproductive)	produces sperm
16. OVARY  (reproductive)	produces eggs
17. NEPHRIDIA (excretory)	primitive kidney filters liquid waste from blood
18. BRAIN  (nervous)	controls all body activities
19. VENTRAL NERVE CORD       ( ganglia)  (nervous)	sends and receives messages to brain

SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS

Quick Quiz